牛津实用英语语法--短语动词1         ★★★ 【字体:
牛津实用英语语法--短语动词1
作者:佚名    文章来源:新兴英语    点击数:    更新时间:2007-10-16    
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A 在现代英语中,常常将介词或副词置于某一动词之后,以便能够表达多种不同的意思:

give away送给某人

give up放弃,停止(一种习惯或某种努力)

look after照顾

look for寻找,寻求

look out小心,注意

学生没有必要去区分这些短语动词究竟是由动词+介词还是由动词+副词组成的,但必须要把这些习惯用法看做是一个整体。

同时,要掌握每一短语动词是及物的(即需要有宾语)或是不及物的(即不需要宾语)。这很重要。

look for是及物短语动词:

I am looking for my passport

我在找我的护照。

look out是不及物短语动词:

look outThis ice isnt safe

当心!这冰危险!

本章后文中的每一短语动词都标有“tr”(transitive,及物)或“intr”(intransitive,不及物)符号。每一短语动词的用法举例将有助于表明二者之间的差别。

注意:一个短语动词可能有两种或两种以上的不同的意思,也可能其中一个或几个是及物的,另外一个或几个是不及物的。如take off可意为“拿掉”,所以它是及物的:

He took off his hat

他摘下他的帽子。

take off也可意为“起飞”(用于飞机)。这时它是不及物的:

The plane took off at ten oclock

飞机是10点钟起飞的。

B 及物短语动词:宾语的位置

作宾语的名词通常位于及物短语动词之后:

I am looking for my glasses

我正在找我的眼镜。

作宾语的名词与某些短语动词连用时,可位于句末,也可以紧跟在动词之后,即用于小品词前。可以说:

He took off his coat./He took his coat off

他脱掉外衣。

宾格代词有时位于短语动词之后:

I am looking for them

我正在找他们。

但宾格代词在大多数情况下紧跟在动词之后:

He took it off

他把它脱掉了。

宾格代词常位于下列小品词之前:updown in out awayoffon(词组call on拜访除外)。

每一习语下表明用法的例句将以下列方法标明作宾语的名词或代词的各种可能的位置:

Ill give this old coat away.(give away this old coatgive it away

我将把这件旧外衣送掉。

即,在使用这一短语动词时,作宾语的名词既可位于away之前,也可位于其后;而宾格代词只可位于away之前。在只给出一个例句时,读者可以推定宾格代词的位置与作宾语的名词位置相同。

C 这些短语动词后面的宾语如果是动词,则应使用动词的动名词形式:

He kept on blowing his horn

他不断地吹喇叭。

通常使用动名词之处,将举例说明。

请注意,某些短语动词后面应带动词不定式:

It is up to yon to decide this for yourself

这事全由你自己决定。

Some of the younger members called on the minister to resign

某些较年轻的议员要求部长辞职。

The lecturer set out to show that most illnesses were avoldable

讲师开始表明多数疾病是可以预防的。

go on既可以带不定式,也可以带动名词,但二者的意义有相当大的不同。参见第270A

363 动词+介词/副词的组合

account

account fortr)(为某事)给出充分的理由,圆满地解释(某种行为或某项支出),做出交代:

A treasurer must account for the money he spends

财务负责人必须对他支付的款项做出交代。

He has behavd in the most extraordinary wayI cant account for hisactions at allI cant account for his behaving like that

他的行为极为奇怪,我完全无法解释他的行动/我无法为他那样的举动做出解释。

allow

allow fortr)预先为某事留有余地,考虑到(常指某种额外的需要、支出、耽搁等):

It is 800 kilometres and I drive at 100 kph., so Ill be there in eighthours

But youll have to allow for delays going through towns and for stopsfor refuelling

—距离是800公里,而我的车速是每小时100公里,因此我八小时后可以到那里。

—可是你得把通过市镇和停车加油所耽搁的时间考虑进去。

Allowing for depreciation your car should be worth2000 this timenext year

如果考虑到折旧,你的车明年此时应当值2000英镑。

answer

answer backintr),answer somebody back反驳别人的责难,回嘴顶撞:

FatherWhy were you so late last night You werent in till2 am

父亲:你昨晚回家为什么这么晚?你直到凌晨两点钟才回来。

SonYou should have been asleep

儿子:那时候你本该睡着了。

FatherDont answer me backAnswer my question

父亲:别跟我顶嘴。回答我的问题。

ask

ask after/for somebody 探询有关……的信息,(向第三者)问某人健康如何:

I met Tom at the partyhe asked after you

我在聚会上遇见了汤姆;他问你好。(问你健康如何/问你过得怎么样)

ask for

a)寻找某人并想和他/她说话,要求见到某人:

Go to the office and ask for my secretary

到办公室去,找我的秘书。

b)要求,索要:

The men asked for more pay and shorter hours

工人们要求增加工资,减少工时。

ask someone in(宾语在in之前)请某人进来:

He didnt ask me inhe kept me standing at the door while he read the message

他没有让我进去;他径自看那张条子,让我站在门口等着。

ask someone out(宾语在out之前)请某人出去参加娱乐活动或吃饭(特别是在公众地方吃饭):

She had a lot of friends and was usually asked out in the eveningsso she seldom spent an evening at home

她有很多朋友,晚上常被邀请外出,因此她晚上很少在家里呆着。

back

back awayintr)慢慢地退回去(因为遇到某种危险或不愉快的事):

When he took a gun out everyone backd away nervously

他拿出枪来时,大家都紧张地向后退去。

back outintr)退出(某事先已同意的联合行动),停止或拒绝给予所允诺的帮助或支持:

He agreed to help but backed out when he found how difficult it was

他本来同意给予帮助的,但在发现事情有多么困难之后就打退堂鼓了。

back somebody up从道义上或行动上支持:

The headmaster never backed up his staff.(backed them upIf a parentcomplained about a teacher he assumed that the teacher was in thewrong

校长从来不给教员们撑腰。凡是有家长给老师提意见时,他总是认为一定是老师不对。

be

be againsttr)反对(常带动名词):

Im for doing nothing till the police arrive./Im against doing anythingtill the police arrive

我赞成在警察来到以前不采取行动。/我反对在警察到来以前采取任何行动。

be awayintr)(至少有一个晚上)不在家,不在某地

be backintr)在长期或短暂地离开之后回到原地:

I want to see Mrs PittIs she in

NoIm afraid shes out at the moment./NoIm afraid shes awayfor the weekend

When will she be back

Shell be back in half an hour/next week

—我想见皮特夫人。她在吗?

—不,恐怕她现在不在。/不,我想她外出度周末了。

—她什么时候回来?

—她半小时后/下周回来。

be fortr)赞成(常带动名词)

be inintr)在家或在某个建筑物内

be in fortr)将要遇上(常跟某种令人不愉快的事):

Did you listen to the weather forecast Im afraid were in for a bumpyflight

你听气象预报没有?恐怕我们这次航班要很颠簸。

If you think that the work is going to be easy youre in for a shock

如果你以为这工作将容易,那么你可要大吃一惊了。

be outintr)短时间不在家/不在某个建筑物里,但并不在外过夜

be overintr)结束:

The storm is over nowwe can go on

暴风雨过去了;我们可以继续走了。

be upintr)起床了:

Dont expect her to answer the doorbell at eight oclock on SundaymorningShe wont be up

星期日早上8点钟时,别指望她听见门铃响会来开门。她那时还没有起床呢。

be up totr)体力或智力足以……(宾语常用it,但也可用动名词):

After his illness the Minister continued in office though he was no longerup to the work/up to doing the work

部长生病后继续任职,但他已力不胜任了。

be up to somethingsome mischiefsome trickno good从事或忙于某种调皮的、不正道的或有害的事/捣鬼:

Dont trust himhe is up to somethingsome trick

别信他;他在搞鬼/在耍诡计。

The boys are very quietI wonder what they are up to

男孩子们无声无息了。我不知他们在捣什么鬼。

注意:这里up to的宾语常是某一很不确定的词语,如上面例句所示。这个习语从来不与某一具体明确的事连用。

it is up to someone(常带动词不定式)此事是某人的职责:

It is up to the government to take action on violence

采取行动对付暴力行为,是政府职责所在。

I have helped you as much as I can Now it is up to you

我已尽我所能地帮助你了。现在该看你自己了。(你得靠自己的努力干下去。)

bear

bear outtr)证实,提供证明:

This report bears out my theory.(bears my theory outbears it out

这报告证实了我的理论。

bear upintr)听到坏消息仍能勇敢支撑,掩饰感情或忧伤:

The news of her death was a great shock to him but he bore up bravely and none of us realized how much he felt it

她故去的消息对他来讲是个打击,但他勇敢地支撑着,我们谁也没意识到他的感受该有多么强烈。

blow

blow outtr)吹熄:

The wind blew out the candle.(blew the candle outblew it out

风吹灭了蜡烛。

blow uptrintr

a)用爆炸的方法毁灭,爆炸,被毁:

They blew up the bridges so that the enemy couldnt follow them.(blew the bridges upblew them up

他们炸毁了桥,好让敌人不能追上他们。

Just as we got to the bridge it blew up

我们刚到桥头,桥就炸掉了。

b)充气,打气,使膨胀:

The children blew up their balloons and threw them into the air.( blew the balloons upblew them up

孩子们把气球吹鼓了,扔向空中。

boil

boil awayintr)(液体)因沸腾而挥发完,熬干:

I put the kettle on the gas ring and then went away and forgot about it

When I returned the water had all boiled away and the flame had burnta hole in the kettle

我把壶放在煤气灶上,然后就走开把这事忘掉了。我回来时,水都烧干了,火把壶底烧出了一个窟窿。

boil overintr)(液体因沸腾而)溢到容器外面:

The milk boiled over and there was a horrible smell of burning

牛奶潽了,烧糊的味道极为难闻。

break

break down a door etc.用强力敲破或撞破:

The firemen had to break down the door to get into the burning house

break the door down/break it down

消防员不得不破门而入以便到着火的房子里边去。

break down figures将一数目分别列在不同项目下以作进一步说明:

You say that 10000 people use this libraryCould you break that downinto age-groups

你说有10000人使用这所图书馆。你能否按年龄组将数字分解一下?(即说出有多少人是25岁以下的,有多少人是50岁以上的等等)

break downintr)由于有缺陷或强度不够而坏掉或不再正常运作:

a)常指人暂时感情支持不住:

He broke down when telling me about his sons tragic death

他向我谈到他儿子惨死的事时,不能自已了。(他失声痛哭了。)

b)指丧失精神上的抵抗力:

At first he refused to admit his guilt but when he was shown the evidencehe broke down and confessed

起初他否认有罪,但给他看证据时,他招架不住而供认了。

c)指身体健康状况严重恶化:

After years of overwork his health broke down and he had to retire

在多年劳累之后,他的身体垮了,只好退休。

d)常指机器坏了:

The car broke down when we were driving through the desert and it tookus two days to repair it

我们驾车横越沙漠时,汽车坏了,花了两天才修好。

e)指交涉或谈判的破裂:

The negotiations broke down because neither side would compromise

因为双方都不肯妥协,谈判破裂了。

break inintr), break intotr

a)用暴力强行进入:

Thieves broke in and stole the silver

窃贼破门而入,偷走了银器。

The house was broken into when the owner was on holiday

屋主外出度假时,有贼破门而入。

b)突然说话打断别人:

I was telling them about my travels when he broke in with a story of hisown

我正在告诉他们我旅途中的事,他忽然插嘴讲起他自己的故事来。

break in a young horsepony etc.(tr)训练(马等)以供驾驭使用:

You cannot ride or drive a horse safely before he has been broken in

在没有把马训练好以前,不管骑它还是用它驾车都是不安全的。

break offtr/intr)解开,破开,使分裂开或自己破裂开:

He took a bar of chocolate and broke off a bit.(broke a bit off/broke itoff

他拿出一板巧克力,掰下了一小块。

A piece of rock broke off and fell into the pool at the foot of the cliff

一块岩石断裂开,掉到悬崖脚下的池塘里。

break offtr)终止,停止,取消(常跟协议、协商或谈判等):

Ann has broken off her engagement to Tom.(broken her engagement off/broken it off

安已经取消了同汤姆的婚约。

break offintr)突然停止说话,突然住口:

They were in the middle of an argument but broke off when someonecame into the room

他们正争吵不休,但有人进屋时他们突然住口了。

break outintr

a)开始,爆发(常用于诸如战争、流行病、火灾等不好的事):

War broke out on 4 Angust

战争于84日爆发。

b)用暴力方法从监狱等地逃出:

They locked him up in a room but he broke out

他们把他锁在一间屋里,可是他强行逃出了。(砸开门跑掉了)

The police are looking for two men who broke out of prison last night

警方正在搜捕昨天晚上越狱逃跑的两名男子。

break uptrintr)(使)瓦解,(使)解体:

If that ship stays there she will break upshe will be broken up by thewaves

那艘船如果停泊在那里,就会破的/会被浪头打散的。

The old ship was towed away to be broken up and sold as scrap

那艘旧船被拖走以便拆散当废铁卖了。

Divorce breaks up a lot of familiesbreaks families upbreaks them up

离婚拆散了许多家庭。

break upintr)(用于学校的学期、会议、聚会等)散会,放假:

The school broke up on 30 July and all the boys went home for the holi- days

学校在730日放假了,男孩子们都回家度假去了。

The meeting broke up in confusion

会议在一片混乱中散了。

bring

bring someone roundtr;宾语常位于round之前)

a)说服某人接受以前所反对的建议:

After a lot of argument I brought him round to my point of view

在争辩了很久之后,我说服他转念同意了我的看法。

b)使恢复知觉:

She fainted with the pain but a little brandy soon brought her round

她痛得昏厥了,但是一小点白兰地很快使她恢复了知觉。

bring a person or thing roundtr;宾语常位于 round之前)把人或物带到某人的住所去:

I have finished that book that you lent me Ill bring it roundto your housetonight

你借给我的书我已经看完了;我今晚上把它带(到你家里)来。

bring uptr

a)教育培养儿童:

She brought up her children to be truthful.(brought her children upbrought them up

她教导她的孩子们要真诚无欺。

b)提起,谈到:

At the last committee meetingthe treasurer brought up the question of raising the annual subscription.(brought the question upbrought it up

委员会上一次开会时,财务主管提出了提高会员年费的问题。

burn

burn downtrintr)(完全)焚毁(指建筑物):

The mob burnt down the embassy.(burnt the embassy downburnt it down

乱民把大使馆焚毁了。

The hotel burnt down before help came

旅馆在援助到来以前就烧毁了。

call

1 call走访,拜访

call at走访一个地方:

I called at the bank and arranged to transfer some money

我到银行去了一下,安排了款项过户的事宜。

call for到一个地方去取物或接人:

I am going to a pop concert with TomHe is calling for me at eightso I must be ready then

我要和汤姆去听流行歌曲音乐会。他8点钟来接我,因此我必须届时准备好。

Lets leave our suitcases in the left luggage office and call for themlater on when we have the car

咱们可以把行李存放在行李暂存处,等以后有车用时再来取。

call inintr)同 look in和口语化的 drop in意思一样,是来访,来坐坐的意思:

Call inLook in on your way home and tell me how the interviewwent

你回家的路上来看我一下,告诉我面谈进行得如何。

call on拜访某人:

He called on all the housewives in the area and asked them to sign thepetition

他走访了这一地区的所有主妇,要求他们在请愿书上签名。

2 call forinon的其他意思

call fortr)要求,需要(这里的主语常是一个不用来指人的单词或短语,如 the situation形势/this sort of work这种工作/this此事等,宾语则常是一个表示某种性质的词,如 courage勇气/patience耐心/a steady hand稳当不抖的手):

The situation calls for tact

对付这一形势要有策略。

Youve got the job This calls for a celebration

你得到这份工作了!这需要庆祝一下。

但这里也可以用一个用来指人的主语:

The workers are calling for strike action

工人们正要求采取罢工行动。

The relations of the dead men are calling for an inquiry

死者们的亲属要求调查真相。

call in a personcall a person in派人去找某人来/请某人来家服务(send forcall in更显得主语权势大,因此callin是更有礼貌的说法):

It was too late to call in an electriciancall an electrician incall him in

找电工来已太晚了。

There is some mystery about his death the police have been calledin

他的死有点儿蹊跷;已经去找警察来了。

call on somebody(常带动词不定式)要某人做某事/要某人给予帮助(较为正式的提出要求的方式,主要用于正式场合或演讲中,意味着提出要求的人认为所号召的事是另一人的责任):

The president called upon his people to make sacrifices for the good oftheir country

总统号召人民为祖国的利益做出牺牲。

The chairman called on the secretary to read the minutes of the lastmeeting

主席要求秘书朗读上次会议的记录。

3 call的其他词组

call offtr)取消尚未开始的事,放弃已在进行中的事:

They had to call off the match as the ground was too wet to play on

call the match offcall it off

因为场地太湿无法比赛,人们不得不取消这次比赛。

When the fog got thicker the search was called off

雾愈来愈浓了,只得放弃了搜索。

call outtr)召唤某人出来处理外面的事(常用于指部队被召集走出营房对付民众骚乱):

The police couldnt control the mob so troops were called out

警察无法控制乱民,因此出动了军队。

The Fire Brigade was called out several times on the night of 5 November to put out fires started by fireworks

115日晚上,消防队多次奉召出动,以扑灭因燃放焰火而引起的火灾。

Doctors dont much like being called out at night

医生们不太喜欢夜间出诊。

call uptr

a)征去服兵役:

In countries where there is conscription men are called up at the age of eighteen.(call up mencall men upcall them up

在实行征兵制的国家里,18岁的男子要应征服役。

b)给……打电话:

I called Tom up and told him the news.(calld up Tomcalled him up

我给汤姆打电话,把消息告诉他了。

care

not to care abouttr)对……淡漠,不关心……:

The professor said that he was interested only in researchhe didnt really care about students

教授说他只对研究感兴趣;他并不真的关心学生。

care fortr

a)喜欢(很少用于肯定句):

He doent care for films about war

他不喜欢战争影片。

b)照看(除被动态外,较少使用):

The house looked well cared for=had been well looked after/was ingood condition).

房子看起来照管得很好。

carry

carry onintr)继续(常指工作或职责):

I cant carry on alone any longerIll have to get help

我无法再一个人继续下去了;我得找人帮忙。

carry on withtr)与上用法相似:

The doctor told her to carry on with the treatment

医生告诉她应该继续这种疗法。

carry outtr)履行(职责),服从(命令),执行(指令),(把威胁要做的事)付诸行动:

You are not meant to think for yourselfyou are here to carry out my or-ders

你们的职责不是自己思考;叫你们来这里是要你们执行我的命令。

The Water Board carried out their threat to cut off our water supply

自来水公司董事会把他们的威胁付诸行动,停止供应我们水了。(他们威胁要这样做,也真的这样做了。)

He read the instructions but he didnt carry them out

他看了指示,但没有遵照执行。

catch

catch up withtr),catch uptrintr)赶上但没超过:

I started last in the race but I soon caught up with the others.(caught them upcautht up

我在赛跑中最后一个起跑,但不久就赶上了其他人。

Youve missed a whole termyoull have to work hard to catch up withthe rest of the class.(catch them upcatch up

你缺了整整一学期的课,得努力学习以便赶上同班的其他人。

clean

clean outtr a roomcupboarddrawer etc.彻底清理打扫(房间/碗柜/抽屉等):

I must clean out the spare room.(clean the spare room out/clean it out

我得把那间备用房(客房)彻底清扫一下。

clean uptr a mess eg anything spilt清扫(脏物,如撒出的东西):

Clean up any spilt paint.(clean the spilt paint upclean it up

如果有溅出来的油漆,把它收拾干净。

clean upintr)同上用法相同:

These painters always clean up when theyve finished

这几位油漆工完工之后总要把场地打扫干净。

clear

clear awaytr)把物件拿开以便腾出地方:

Could you clear away these papers?(clear these papers awayclear them away

你能不能把这些文件清除开?

clear awayintr)散开:

The clouds soon cleared away and it became quite warm

云很快就散开了,天气变得相当暖和。

clear offintr)走开(指室外) clear outintr)走开(指室内)二者都是口语用法;作为命令时这样说是相当不礼貌的:

You clear off,’ said the farmer angrily.‘Youve no right to put your caravans in my field without even asking my permission.’

“你们给我走开,”农民愤怒地说,“你们没有权利连我的许可都没征得就把住人的大篷车停在我的地里。”

Clear out If I find you in this building againIll report you to the po-lice

走开!你要再到这幢建筑里来,我就将你报警了。

clear outtr)把(房间/碗柜/抽屉等)腾空以便放别的东西:

Ill clear out this drawer and you can put your things in it.( clear this drawer outclear it out

我会把这个抽屉腾空,这样你就能把你的东西放在里面了。

clear upintr)有云或雨后天晴了:

The sky looks a bit cloudy now but I think it will clear up

现在天看来有点阴,但我想天会晴的。

clear uptrintr)收拾整齐干净:

When you are cooking its best to clear up as you goinstead of leaving everything to the end and having a terrible pile of things to deal with

烹调时,最好是边干边收拾,而不要把活留到最后而剩下一大堆东西要打扫收拾。

Clear up this mess.(clear this mess upclear it up

把这堆乱糟糟的东西收拾干净。

clear uptr

a)完成(某种尚待完成的工作):

I have some letters which I must clear up before I leave tonight

有几封信我今天晚上走以前必须写完。

b)侦破(不可思议的怪事、案件等):

In a great many detective stories when the police are baffled an amateurdetective comes along and clears up the mystery.(clears it up

在许多侦探小说中,当警察束手无策时,来了个业余侦探,把案子给破了。

close

close downtr/intr)永远关闭,停业(指商店或买卖等):

Trade was so bad that many small shops closed down and big shops closedsome of their branches down.(closed down some branches/closed themdown

市面很差,许多小店停业了,大商店也关了一些分店。

close inintr)逼近,从四面凑近(常用于雾、夜色、敌人等):

As the mist was closing in we decided to stay where we were

由于雾越来越逼近,我们决定留在原地不动。

close upintr)缩小间距(指一行人):

If you children closed up a bit thered be room for another one on thisseat

你们几个孩子要是挤一挤,这座位上还能加一个人。

come

come acrossupontr)碰巧发现,碰巧找到:

When I was looking for my passport I came across these old photographs

我在找护照时碰巧找到了这些旧相片。

come along/onintr)和我一起来,陪伴我去(常用来敦促犹豫不决的人或拖拖拉拉的人):

Come onor well be late

快点,否则我们要迟到了。

come awayintr)(和我一起)走/离开:

Come away now Its time to go home

快走吧。该回家了。

come awayoffintr)自行脱落:

When I pickd up the teapot the handle came away in my hand

我拿起茶壶时,茶壶掉了而只剩茶壶柄在我手里。

come inintr),come into tr)进入:

Someone knocked at my door and I said,‘Come in.’

有人敲我的门,我说:“进来。”

Come into the garden and Ill show you my roses

到花园里来,我给你看我的玫瑰花。

come offintr

a)(计划或阴谋)成功(用于否定句):

Im afraid that scheme of yours wont come offIt needs more capitalthan you have available

恐怕你那个计划不会成功。它需要的投资不是你能拿得出来的。

b 发生,按预先安排的那样发生:

When is the wedding coming off

Next June

—婚礼什么时候举行?

6月份。

如果我们说The duchess was to have opened the bazaar(公爵夫人本来是要为义卖主持开幕仪式的),我们的意思是说计划是那样订的,但没有实现(她本安排好要去为它揭幕,但后来不得不取消这一安排)。

c)(话剧、展览等)结束一轮演出或展出:

Lady windermeres Fanis coming off next weekYoud better hurryif you want to see it

《少奶奶的扇子》下周要结束演出了。你要想看的话得抓紧点。

come outintr

a)被揭露或发觉(这里的主语常是the truth真相/the facts事实/the whol story 全部内情等;并且一般指有关人士想竭力掩盖的事实即丑闻等):

They deceived everybody till they quarrelled among themselvesthen onepublicly denounced the others and the whole truth came out

他们把大家都骗了,直到后来内讧起来,其中一个人公开揭发了别人,这才真相大白。

b)(书籍)发行:

Her new novel will be coming out in time for the Christmas sales

她的新小说将赶在圣诞节购物潮时发行。

c)(污渍)消除,洗掉:

Tomato stains dont usually come out

西红柿污渍一般洗不净。

come roundintr

a)终于接受以前所反对的建议:

Her father at first refused to let her study abroad but he came roundto itin the end

她父亲起初反对她去外国念书,但终于回心转意了。(他说可以让她去。)

b)到某人的家里来:

Ill come round after dinner and tell you the plan

我晚饭后来转一下,把计划说给你听。

come round/tointrto重读) 恢复知觉:

When we found him he was unconscious but he came round/to in half anhour and explained that he had been attacked and robbed

我们发现他时他已失去知觉,但是半小时后他恢复了知觉,说他遭到殴打抢劫。

come upintr

a 升到水面,生长出来:

A diver with an aqualung doesnt have to keep coming up for airhe canstay underwater for quite a long time

备有潜水供氧器的潜水员无需不断升出水面呼吸;他可以在水下停留相当长的时间。

Weeds are coming up everywhere

杂草到处蔓生。

b)被提到:

The question of the caretakers wages came up at the last meeting

在上次会议中提到了看楼人的工资问题。

come upintr),come up totr)走近,来到能说话的近处:

A policeman was standing a few yards awayHe came up to me and said,‘You cant park here.’

几码外站着一位警察。他走过来并对我说:“你不能把车子停放在这里。”

crop

crop upintr)出现,意外地或偶然地出现(主语常是一个抽象名词如difficulties困难/the subject题目或是一个代词):

At first all sorts of difficulties cropped up and delayed usLater we learnthow to anticipate these

起初冒出来了各式各样的困难,耽搁了我们。后来我们学会了如何为这些困难预作准备。

cut

cut down a tree 砍倒树木:

If you cut down all the trees you will ruin the land.(cut the trees down/ cut them down

你要是砍倒所有的树木,就会把土地给毁了。

cut downtr 减少数量:

We must cut down expenses or well be getting into debt

我们得减少支出,否则就要负债了。

This article is too long,’said the editor.‘Could you cut it down to2000 words?’

“这篇文章太长了,”编辑说,“你能不能把它缩到两千字?”

cut inintr)在车距极近的不安全情况下并行抢道并插到另一辆车前面:

Accidents are often caused by drivers cutting in

车祸常由司机抢道插到别的车前面而引起。

cut offtr)切断、停止供应(宾语可以是水、电、煤气,也可以是被停供的人):

The Company has cut off our electricity supply because we havent paidour bill.(cut our supply off/cut it off

因为我们没有付电费,公司断了我们的电。

Theyve cut off the water/our water supply temporarily because they arerepairing one of the main pipes

他们暂时断了我们的水源,因为在修其中的一条主要的水管。

We were cut off in the middle of ourtelephoneconversation

我们(电)话还没完,就被掐断了。(这可能是偶然的事,也可能是电话接线员故意的行为。)

cut someone off 阻挡某人使其不能逃到安全地带(常用于指潮水围困,特别是用被动态时):

We were cut off by the tide and had to be rescued by boat

我们被潮水困住了,只好由小船搭救出来。

be cut offintr)被隔绝在不方便的地方(主语常是某一地方或住在某一地方的人):

You will be completely cut off if you go to live in that village becausethere is a bus only once a week

你要是去住在那个村里,就会与世隔绝了,因为那里每周只有一班公共汽车。

cut outtr

a)从布、纸等上弄下所需形状:

When I am making a dress I mark the cloth with chalk and then cut itout.(cut out the dress/cut the dress out

我缝衣服时先用白粉在布上画出样子,然后再剪下。

Young people often cut out photographs of their favourite pop stars andstick them to the walls

年轻人常把最喜欢的流行歌手的相片剪下来贴在墙上。

b)略去,排除,不再继续:

If you want to get thin you must cut out sugar.(cut it out

你要是想瘦点,就得不吃糖。

be cut out fortr)特别适合于……(用于指人,又常用于否定句中):

His father got him a job in a bank but it soon became clear that he wasnot cut out for that kind of work

他爸爸给他在银行里找了一个工作,但是不久就可以清楚地看出来,他不适合干那种工作。

cut uptr 切、割、剪成碎片:

They cut down the tree and cut it up for firewood.(cut the tree up/cut up the tree

他们把树砍倒并劈碎当柴火了。

die

die awayintr)(声音)逐渐微弱直到听不到:

They waited till the sound of the guards footsteps died away

他们一直等到警卫的脚步声消逝了。

die downintr)逐渐平静下来,直至平息(常指骚乱、火、心情的一阵波动等):

When the excitement had died down the shopkeepers took down theirshutters and reopened their shops

波动平息后,店主们取下了窗板,重新开店营业。

die outintr)绝灭,成为过去(常指风俗、种族、动物品种等):

Elephants would die out if men could shoot as many as they wished

如果人们爱猎杀多少大象就可以猎杀多少,大象就会灭种了。

do

do away withtr)废除:

The government should do away with the regulations restricting drinkinghours

政府应该废除限制卖酒的时间的规章。

do uptr)重新装饰:

When I do this room up Ill paint the walls cream.(do up this room/doit up

我重新装修房间时,要把墙漆成奶油色。

do withouttr)不要……而凑合过,免去……也可以:

We had to do without petrol during the fuel crisis

在燃料危机期间,我们不得不过没有汽油的日子。

有时宾语可以意会,不说出来:

If there isnt any milk well have to do withoutit).

如果没有牛奶,我们只好将就了。

draw

draw backintr)撤退,(因惊惧而)向后闪:

Its too late to draw back nowthe plans are all made

现在再后退也太晚了;计划都订好了。

draw uptr)草拟,写出(计划或协议书):

My solicitor drew up the lease and we both signed it.(drew it up

我的律师拟好了租约,我们两个人都签了名。

draw upintr)停下(指车辆等):

The car drew up at the kerb and the driver got out

车在马路边停下,开车人下了车。

drop

drop inintr)未经通知而造访并停留较短的时间:

He dropped in for a few minutes to ask if he could borrow your powerdrill

他不告而来,坐了几分钟,问是否能借用你的电钻。(比call in更口语化些。)

drop outintr)退出(某计划或行动):

We planned to hire a coach for the excursion but now so many peoplehave dropped out that it will not be needed

我们原计划租一辆大客车去郊游,但是现在已有这么多人退出,车就不需要了。

enter

enter fortr)报名参加(竞赛、考试等):

Twelve thousand competitors have entered for the next LondonMarathon

已有12000人报名参加下一次伦敦马拉松比赛。

fade

fade awayintr 消失,逐渐减弱(常指声音):

The band moved on and the music faded away

乐队继续行进,乐声逐渐听不见了。

fall

fall backintr)后退,撤退(指有意识的行动,与fall behind不同,后者是不由自主的):

As the enemy advanced we fell back

敌人向前推进,我们就后退了。

fall back ontr 退而求其次地使用某物:

We had to fall back on dried milk as fresh milk wasnt available

因为找不到鲜奶,我们不得已使用了奶粉。

He fell back on the old argument that if you educate women they wontbe such good wives and mothers

他重弹老调,说如果给妇女受教育的机会,她们就不会是这样的贤妻良母了。

fall behindintr)(因不能赶上别人而)落后,不能按协议的时间分期支付:

At the beginning the whole party kept together but by the end of the daythose who were less fit had fallen behind

起初全体人员都在一起,但到了晚间身体不够强壮的人就落后了。

He fell behind with his rent and the landlord began to become impatient

他不能按期交房租,房东不耐烦了。

fall in with someones plans 接受别人的计划并同意与之合作:

Wed better fall in with his suggestion for the sake of peace

为了息事宁人,我们还是接受他的建议为好。

fall inintrof troops etc.列队,整队(指军队等)

fall offintr)(数目、观众等)减少,下降:

Orders have been falling off latelywe need a new advertising campaign

近来订货量下降了;我们需要再搞一次广告宣传运动。

If the price of seats goes up much more theatre attendances will begin tofall off

如果票价大幅度上扬,观众人数就会下降了。

fall ontr 凶猛地袭击,扑上来(受害者没有自卫的机会,因为袭击者太有力;有时也用于描述饥饿的人急于吃食物):

The mob fell on the killers and clubbed them to death

乱民凶猛地攻击杀人者,把他们乱棍打死了。

The starving men fell on the food

饥饿的人们狼吞虎咽地吃了起来。

fall outintr)争吵:

When thieves fall out honest men get their own

窃贼争吵,好人受益。(格言;意指失主能得回他们的财产)

fall outintrof troops etc.解散(队伍):

The troops fell in and were inspectedAfter the parade they fell out and went back to their barracks

队伍列队并接受了检阅。游行完毕后他们解散回营房了。

fall throughintr)(计划)未能实现,化为泡影:

My plans to go to Greece fell through because the journey turned out to bemuch more expensive than I had expected

我上希腊去的计划未能实现,因为我发现旅行远比我预期的要昂贵。

feed

be fed upintr),be fed up withtr)完全厌倦,十分腻烦(俚语):

Im fed up with this wet weather

我对这潮呼呼的天气腻烦极了。

Im fed up with waitingIm going home

我等得不耐烦了;我要回家了。

feel

feel up totr 感到有体力(能做某事):

I dont feel up to tidying the kitchen nowIll do it in the morning

我现在没劲儿打扫厨房。我早上干吧。

I dont feel up to it

我觉得没有力气做这件事。

fill

fill in/up forms etc.填写表格:

I had to fill in three forms to get my new passport.(fill three forms in/fill them in

为了领新护照,我不得不填写三张表格。

find

find outtr)通过有意识的努力而弄清或发现:

In the end I found out what was wrong with my hifi

我终于搞清楚我的高保真音响出了什么毛病。

The dog found out the way to open the door.(found it out

那狗搞清楚怎么开门了。

find someone out 发现某人在干坏事(这常是一种意外的发现,因为某人一直是受信任的):

After robbing the till for months the cashier was found out

那出纳员从钱柜里偷钱偷了好几个月后才被发现。

fix

fix uptr)安排:

The club has already fixed up several matches for next season.(fixed sev-eral matches up/fixed them up

俱乐部已经为下一个赛季安排了几场比赛。

get

get aboutintr 流转,运动或行动:

The news got about that he had won the first prize in the state lottery andeverybody began asking him for money

他买国家奖券得了头奖的消息不胫而走,大家都开始向他要钱。

He is a semi-invalid now and cant get about as well as he used to

他现在是个半残废了,不能像过去那样自在地行动。

get awayintr 逃掉,脱身:

Dont ask him how he is because if he starts talking about his healthyoull never get away from him

不要去问他身体好不好,因为他要是一谈起他的身体状况,你就会脱身乏术的。

I had a lot to do in the office and didnt get away till eight

我在办公室里事很多,到8点钟才得以脱身。

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