38 Questions Directions:

Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered words or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

1. Nonviolent demonstrations often create such ten- sions that a community that has constantly refused to ------- its injustices is forced to correct them: the injustices can no longer be -------.

(A) acknowledge..ignored
(B) decrease..verified
(C) tolerate..accepted
(D) address..eliminated
(E) explain..discussed

2. Since 1813 reaction to Jane Austen's novels has oscillated between ------- and condescension; but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary -------.

(A) dismissal..admirers
(B) adoration. .contemporaries
(C) disapprpval..readers
(D) indifference..followers
(E) approbation..precursors

3. There are, as yet, no vegetation types or ecosystems whose study has been ------- to the extent that they no longer ------- ecologists.

(A) perfected..hinder
(B) exhausted..interest
(C) prolonged..require
(D) prevented..challenge
(E) delayed..benefit

4. Under ethical guidelines recently adopted by the National lnstitutes of Health, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct diseases for which ------- treatments are unsatisfactory.

(A) similar
(B) most
(C) dangerous
(D) uncommon
(E) alternative

5. It was her view that the country's problems had been ------- by foreign technocrats, so that to invite them to come back would be counterproductive.

(A) foreseen
(B) attacked
(C) ascertained
(D) exacerbated
(E) analyzed

6. Winsor McCay, the cartoonist, could draw with incredible -------: his comic strip about Little Nemo was characterized by marvelous draftsmanship and sequencing.

(A) sincerity
(B) efficiency
(C) virtuosity
(D) rapidity
(E) energy

7. The actual ------- of Wilson's position was always ------- by his refusal to compromise after having initially agreed to negotiate a settlement.

(A) outcome..foreshadowed
(B) logic..enhanced
(C) rigidity..betrayed
(D) uncertainty..alleviated
(E) cowardice..highlighted

Directions: In each of the foiiowing questions, a related pair of words or phrases is followed by five lettered pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered pair that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair.

8. SEDATTVE : DROWSlNESS ::

(A) epidemic : contagiousness
(B) vaccine : virus
(C) laxative : drug
(D) anestheiic : numbness
(E) therapy : psychosis

9.LAWYER:COURTROOM::

(A) participant : team
(B) commuter : train
(C) gladiator : arena
(D) senator : caucus
(E) patient : ward

10. CURIOSITY : KNOW ::

(A) temptation : conquer
(B) starvation : eat
(C) wanderlust : travel
(D) humor : laugh
(E) survival : live

11. FRUGAL : MISERLY ::

(A) confident : arrogant
(B) courageouss : pugnacious
(C) famous : aggressive
(D) rash : foolhardy
(E) quiet : timid

12. ANTIDOTE : POISON ::

(A) cure : recovery
(B) narcotic : sleep
(C) stimulant : relapse
(D) tonic : lethargy
(E) resuscitation : breathing

13. STYGIAN.: DARK ::

(A) abysmal : low
(B) cogent : contentious
(C) fortuitous.: accidental
(D) reckless : threatening
(E) cataclysmic : doomed

14. WORSHIP : SACRIFICE ::

(A) generation : pyre
(B) burial : mortuary
(C) weapon : centurion
(D) massacre : invasion
(E) prediction : augury

15. EVANESCENT : DISAPPEAR :

(A) tlansparent : penetrate
(B) onerous : struggle
(C) feckless : succeed
(D) illusory : exist
(E) pliant : yield

16. UPBRAlD : REPROACH ::

(A) dote : like
(B) lal: : stray
(C) vex : please
(D) earn : desire
(E) recast : explain

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

lt has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and x-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation. the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solaractivity cycle, to terrescrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example. the sunspot cycle and the allied rnagnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainhll. temperature, and winds. lnvariably, however, the relation is weak. and commonly ofdubious statistical significance. Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodcities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil recoras of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solaractivity cycle, or even to contirm the cycle's past existenue. If consistant and reliable geolsgigal~-arek-xologieal evidence tracing the solaractivity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, chere are two models of solar activity. The tirst supposes that the Sun's internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo. a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. ln short. the Sun's large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solaractivity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall changc for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanarion supposes that the Sun's large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model. the solar mechanism dependent on the Sun's magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solaractivity cycle uvuld be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.

17. The author focuses primarily on

(A) presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support them
(B) giving a brief overview of some recent scientifrc developments in s'olar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological research
(C) discussing the difficulties involved in linkinl: ter- restrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physics
(D) pointing out the futility of a certain line of sci- entific inquiry into the terrestrial effects of solar activity and recommendine ita aban- donment in favor of purely physics-oriented research
(E) outlinine the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern physicists.

18. Which of th.e following statements about the two models of solar activity. as they are described in lines 37-55, is accurate?

(A) In both modgls cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.
(B) Tn both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.
(C) Tn one model the Sun's magnetic fieid is thought to play a role in causing solar activity, whereas in the other model it is not.
(D) In one model solar activity is presumed to be unrelated to terrestrial phenomena. whereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have observable effects on the Earth.
(E) In one model cycles of solar activity with periodicities longer than a few decades are con- sidered to be impossible, whereas in the other model such cycles are predicted.

19. According to the passage, late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons?

(A) They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated were incorrect.
(B) They syggest that the Maunder minimum can not be related to climate.
(C) Thcy suggest that the Maunder minimum might be valid only for Europe.
(D) They establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.
(E) They establish that solar activity at the tirne of the Maunder minimum did not significantly vary from its present pattern.

20. The author implies which of the followine about currently available geological and archaeoloeical evidence concerning the solar-activity cycle?

(A) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 37-45.
(B) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 45-52.
(C) It is insufficient to confirtn either model of solar activity described in the third paragraph.
(D) It contradicts both models of solar activity as they are presented in the third paragraph.
(E) It disproves the theory that terrestrial weather and solar activitv are linked in some way.

21. Tt can be inferred from the passage that the argu- ment in favor of the model described in lines 37- 45 would be strengthened if which of the following were found at the time?

(A) Episodes of intense volcanic eruptions in the distant past occurred in cycles having very long periodicities.
(B) At the present time the global level of thunderstorm activity increases and decreases in cycles with periodicities of approximately 11 years.
(C) In the distant past cyclical climatic changes had periodicities of longer than 200 years.
(D) In the last century the length of the sunspot cycle has been known to vary by as much as 2 years from its average periodicity of 11 years.
(E) Hundreds of millions of years ago, solaractivity cycles displayed the same periodicities as do presentday solaractivity cycles.

22. lt can be inferred from the passage that Chinese observations of the Sun during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries

(A) are ambiguous because most sunspots cannot be seen with the naked eye
(B) probably were made under the same weather conditions as those made in Europe
(C) are more reliable than European observations made during this period
(D) record some sunspot activity during this period
(E) have been employed by scientists seeking to argue that a change in solar activity occurred during this period.

23. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions?

(A) The solaractivity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings erew.
(B) The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by shortterm weather patterns.
(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to species.
(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflecr changes in terrestrial climate.
(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly af~ct tree-ring thickness.

The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a ianguage calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or defined in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: "He took his stick,no, not John's, but his own." No language is perfect, and if we admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investigate the relative merits of different languages or of different details in languages.

24. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) analyze an interesting feature of the English language
(B) refute a belief held by some linguists
(C) show that economic theory is relevant to linguistic study
(D) iilustrate the confusion that can result from the improper use of language
(E) suggest a way in which languages can be made more nearly perfect.

25. The misunderstanding presented by the author in lines 13-14 is similar to which of the following?

I. X uses the word "you" to refer to a group, but Y thinks that X is referring to one person only.
II. X mistakenly uses the word "anomaly" to refer to a typical example,.but Y knows that "anomaly" means "exception".
III. X uses the word "bachelor" to mean "unmarried man:' but Y mistakenly thinks that bachelor means "unmarried woman."

(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) IIand IIIonly

26. In presenting the argument, the author does all of the following EXCEPT

(A) give an example
(B) draw a conclusion
(C) make a generalization
(D) make a comparison
(E) present a paradox 27.

Which of the following contributes to the misunderstanding described by the author in lines 13-14 ?

(A) It is unclear whom the speaker of the sentence is addressing.
(B) It is unclear to whom the word "his" refers the first time it is used.
(C) It is unclear to whom the word "his" refers the second time it is used.
(D) The meaning of "took" is ambiguous.
(E) It is unclear to whom "He" refers.

Directions: Each question below consists of a word printed in capital letters, followed by five lettered words or phrases. Choose the lettered word or phrase that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word in capital letters. Since some of the questions require you to distinguish fine siiadtj of meaning, be sun tc, consider at the choices before deciding which one is best.

28. FALLACY:

(A) personal philosophy
(B) imaginative idea
(C) unconfirmed theory
(D) tentative opinion
(E) valid argument

29. DIVULGE:

(A) keep secret
(B) evaluate by oneself
(C) refine
(D) restore
(E) copy

30. BOYCOTT:

(A) extort
(B) underwrite
(C) underbid
(D) stipulate
(E) patronize

31. ADULTERATION:

(A) consternation
(B) purification
(C) normalization
(D) approximation
(E) rejuvenation

32. DEPOSlTlON:

(A) process of congealing
(B) process of distilling
(C) process of eroding
(D) process of evolving
(E) proeess of condensing

33. ENERVATE:

(A) recuperate
(B) resurrect
(C) renovate
(D) gather
(E)strengthen

34. LOQUACIOUS:

(A) tranquil
(B) skeptical
(C) morose
(D) taciturn
(E) witty

35. REPINE:

(A) intensify
(B) excuse
(C) expressjoy
(D) feelsure
(E) rushforward

36. VENERATION:

(A) derision
(B) blame
(C) avoidance
(D) ostracism
(E) defiance

37. UNDERMINE:

(A) submerge
(B) public
(C) satisfatory
(D) trustworthy
(E) sophisticated

38. UNDERMINE:

(A) submerge
(B) supersede
(C) overhaul
(D) undergird
(E) intersperse

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